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James Lewis Thomas Chalmers Spence (25 November 1874 – 3 March 1955) was a Scottish journalist, poet, author, folklorist and occult scholar. Spence was a Fellow of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, and Vice-President of the Scottish Anthropological and Folklore Society.^[1] He founded the Scottish National Movement.

Early life[edit]

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Spence was born in 1874 in Monifieth, Angus, Scotland. After graduating from Edinburgh University he pursued a career in journalism. He was an editor at The Scotsman 1899-1906, editor of The Edinburgh Magazine for a year, 1904–05, then an editor at The British Weekly, 1906-09.

Career[edit]

In this time Spence's interest was sparked in the myth and folklore of Mexico and Central America, resulting in his popularisation of the MayanPopol Vuh, the sacred book of the Quiché Mayans (1908). He compiled A Dictionary of Mythology (1910), an Encyclopedia of occultism and parapsychology (1920)^[2] and numerous additional volumes.

Turning his interest closer to home, he investigated Scottish folklore. An ardent Scottish Nationalist, he unsuccessfully contested a parliamentary seat for Midlothian and Peebles Northern at a by-election in 1929. He also wrote poetry, collected in 1953.

Spence wrote about Brythonic rites and traditions in Mysteries of Celtic Britain (1905). In this book, Spence theorized that the original Britons were descendants of a people that migrated from Northwest Africa and were probably related to the Berbers and the Basques.^[3][4]

Atlantis[edit]

Spence's researches into the mythology and culture of the New World, together with his examination of the cultures of western Europe and north-west Africa, led him to the question of Atlantis. During the 1920s he published a series of books which sought to rescue the topic from the occultists who had more or less brought it into disrepute. These works, including The Problem of Atlantis (1924) and History of Atlantis (1927), adopted theories inaugurated by Ignatius Donnelly and looked at the lost island as a Bronze Age civilization that formed a cultural link with the New World, which he invoked through examples he found of parallels between the early civilizations of the Old and New Worlds. Despite Spence's erudition and the width of his reading, the conclusions he reached, avoiding peer-reviewed journals,^[5] have been almost universally rejected by mainstream scholarship. His popularisations met stiff criticism in professional journals, but his continued appeal among theory hobbyists is summed up by a reviewer of The Problem of Atlantis (1924) in The Geographical Journal: 'Mr. Spence is an industrious writer, and, even if he fails to convince, has done service in marshalling the evidence and has produced an entertaining volume which is well worth reading.'^[6] Nevertheless, he seems to have had some influence upon the ideas of controversial author Immanuel Velikovsky, and as his books have come into the public domain, they have been successfully reprinted and some have been scanned for the Internet.

Spence's 1940 book Occult Causes of the Present War (ISBN0766100510) is an early book in the field of Nazi occultism.

Personal life[edit]

In 1899 he married Helen Bruce.

Over his long career, he published more than forty books, many of which remain in print to this day. Spence was also the founder of the Scottish National Movement which later merged to form the National Party of Scotland and which in turn merged to form the Scottish National Party.

Death[edit]

Spence died in Edinburgh in 1955 aged 80 and is buried in the north-west section of the 20th century northern extension to Dean Cemetery in western Edinburgh. His wife, Helen S. Bruce (d. 1942) lies with him.

Selected works[edit]

Ancient Britain

• The Mysteries of Britain: Secret Rites and Traditions of Ancient Britain Restored, (1905, reprinted 1994) London: Senate. ISBN1-85958-057-2
• The Magic Arts in Celtic Britain, (1949, Reprint 1999) Dover Publications, ISBN0-486-40447-1
• Celtic Spells and Charms, (Reprint 2005) Kessinger Publishing ISBN1-4253-1046-X
• The History and Origins of Druidism, 1949

Occult

• An Encyclopaedia of Occultism: A compendium of information on the occult sciences, occult personalities, psychic science, magic, demonology, spiritism and mysticism, (1920, Reprinted 2003) Dover Publications, ISBN0-486-42613-0
• Occult Causes of the Present War, (1940, Reprint 1997) Kessinger Publishing, ISBN0-7661-0051-0
• Second Sight: Its History and Origins, Rider 1951

Atlantis and other lost worlds

• The Problem of Atlantis, London, 1924^[7]
• Atlantis in America, London: Ernest Benn, 1925
• The History of Atlantis (1927, Reprinted 1995) Adventures Unlimited Press, ISBN0-932813-28-3
• The Occult Sciences in Atlantis, (Reprinted 1976) Mokelumne Hill Press, ISBN0-7873-1292-4
• The Atlantis of Plato
• The Evidence For Lemuria From Myth And Magic
• The Problem of Lemuria: The Sunken Continent of the Pacific, London: Rider & Co., 1932^[8]

Mythology

• The Popul Vuh: The Mythic and Heroic Sagas of the Kiches of Central America, London, David Nutt, 1908
• A Dictionary of Mythology, 1910
• The Myths of Mexico and Peru (1913,^[9] Reprinted 1976) Longwood, ISBN0-89341-031-4
• The Myths of the North American Indians, London: George G. Harrap & Co, 1914
• Myths and Legends of Babylonia and Assyria (New York:Stokes) 1917; (Reprint 1997) Kessinger Publishing, ISBN1-56459-500-5^[10]
• The Legends and Romances of Spain ca. 1920
• An Introduction to Mythology George G. Harrap & Co., 1921
• The Gods of Mexico, Fisher Unwin Ltd., 1923
• The Mysteries of Egypt, or, The Secret Rites and Traditions of the Nile, 1929
• The Magic and Mysteries of Mexico, 1932
• Legends and Romances of Brittany, 1917
• The Minor Traditions of British Mythology, 1948, London: Rider & Co OCLC535883, Reprinted 1972, Benjamin Blom, Inc ISBN0-405-08989-9
• The Outlines of Mythology, 1944
• British Fairy Origins: The Genesis and Development of Fairy Legends in British Tradition, London: Watts & Co., 1946
• Fairy Tradition in Britain, (1948, Reprint 1997) Kessinger Publishing ISBN1-56459-516-1
• Hero Tales and Legends of the Rhine
• Ancient Egyptian Myths and Legends, (Reprint 1990) Dover, ISBN0-486-26525-0
• Scottish Ghosts and Goblins, 1952

Poetry

• Collected Poems of Lewis Spence, 1953

See also[edit]

Notes and references[edit]

1. ^Brief details of his career are available in the introduction to the 1997 reprint of An Encyclopaedia of Occultism (on-line text).
2. ^Encyclopedia of occultism and parapsychology(PDF). 2 vol. J. Gordon Melton. 2001. OCLC60531255. Archived(PDF) from the original on 10 August 2020.
3. ^The Mysteries of Britain, Lewis Spence, Health Research Books, 1996, p. 21
4. ^More nuanced recent views, based on early DNA research, are presented by the Oxford geneticist Bryan Sykes, in Blood of the Isles, 2006.
5. ^Though Spence wrote reviews of popularizations of mythology and folklore for Folklore.
6. ^R.N.R.B. in The Geographical Journal64.2 (August 1924:181-182).
7. ^The reviewer R.N.R.B. in The Geographical Journal64.2 (August 1924:181-182) remarked that 'in reading this book one cannot help feeling that the author believes more than the evidence warrants' and that 'he is rash in stating that there is proof that Greenland has moved 2500 yards in forty years.'
8. ^The reviewer O.R. in The Geographical Journal81.2 (February 1933:181-182) found Spence's evidences well marshalled and noted that biological and geological evidences were set aside as conflicting with Spence's view that a fair-complexioned race 'remarkable chiefly for their arcane knowledge and their prowess as builders' inhabited now-sunken lands of the Pacific; the reviewer notes Spence's lack of bibliography and casual references to books whose titles he rarely offers.
9. ^'Review of The Myths of Mexico and Peru by Lewis Spence'. The Athenaeum (4478): 186. 23 August 1913.
10. ^'A readable popular account' began the reviewer in The Biblical World, (51.2 [February 1918: 112-113]) who found its breezy attempt to 'contain the pure gold of Babylonian romance freed from the darker ore of antiquarian research', in Spence's words, a camouflage for Spence's 'totally inadequate preparation.'

External links[edit]

• Works by Lewis Spence at Project Gutenberg
• Works by or about Lewis Spence at Internet Archive
• Lewis Spence at Library of Congress Authorities, with 86 catalogue records

Jhaverchand or Zaverchand Kalidas Meghani (28 August 1896 – 9 March 1947) was an Indian poet, writer, social reformer and freedom fighter. He is a well-known name in the field of Gujarati literature. He was born in Chotila. Mahatma Gandhi spontaneously gave him the title of Raashtreeya Shaayar (National Poet).^[1] Besides this he received many awards like Ranjitram Suvarna Chandrak and Mahida Paaritoshik in literature. He authored more than 100 books. His first book was a translation work of Rabindranath Tagore's called Kathaa-u-Kaahinee titled Kurbani Ni Katha (Stories of martyrdom) which was first published in 1922. He contributed widely to Gujarati folk literature. He went from village to village in search of folk-lores and published them in various volumes of Saurashtra Ni Rasdhar.^[2] He was also the Editor of Phulchhab Newspaper of Janmabhoomi group (which is being published till date from Rajkot).

A sample of his collection of folk tales from Saurashtra has recently been published in English, with the translation done by his son Vinod Meghani. The three volumes published so far are titled A Noble Heritage, A Shade Crimson and The Ruby Shattered.^[3]

His poems are taught as a part of syllabus in Gujarat Board Schools (GSEB).

Life[edit]

Jhaverchand Meghani was born in Chotila, Gujarat to Kalidas and Dholima Meghani. His father Kalidas worked in the Police force and hence was often transferred to new places causing most of Jhaverchand's education to happen in Rajkot. He had two brothers Lalchand and Prabhashankar. He was married to a woman named Damyanti at the age of 24 and following the demise of his wife he married Chitradevi at the age of 36. He had 9 children out of which 3 were girls namely Indu, Padmala and Murli, while 6 were boys, namely Mahendra, Mastan, Nanak, Vinod, Jayant and Ashok.^[4]

Early life[edit]

He lived a simple and sober life and his simplicity prompted his college mates to call him Raja Janak.He habitually wore a white long coat, a dhoti reaching well down the knees and a turban typically tied around his head.He finished his matriculation in 1912 and completed his BA in 1917. He started his career in Kolkata and joined Jeevanlal and Co. in 1918 as Personal Assistant and Fondly called Paghadee Babu by his colleagues and workers alike. He was soon promoted as the Manager of the company's factory at Belur, Crown Aluminium. In 1919 he went to England for a four-month tour. After coming back to India he continue to work in Kolkata for 2 and half-year. Later he returned to Saurashtra and joined the editorial board of the weekly Saurashtra at Rajkot in 1922.^{[citation needed]}

Contribution to the freedom struggle[edit]

In 1930, he was sentenced for 2 years in jail for writing the book 'Sindhudo' that contained songs to inspire the youth of India that was participating in the struggle for Independence against the British Raj. It is during this time that he wrote 'Kavya Triputi' based on Gandhiji's visit to London for the round table conference. During this period he also started writing short stories independently and served as editor for 'Phoolchaab' magazine.^{[5][failed verification]}

Publications[edit]

In 1926, he ventured into poetry with his book of children poems Veni Na Phool and started writing in Janmabhumi under the column Kalam Ane Kitaab. He established his reputation as a critic by his independent novels. In 1936, he became the editor of Phoolchaab. In 1942, he ventured into began publishing with his book Marela Na Rudhir. In 1945, after retiring from 'Phoolchaab' he concentrated on personal writing. In 1946 his book Mansai Na Deeva was awarded the Mahida Award. The same year he was elected to head the Gujarati Sahitya Parishad's Sahitya Section. In 1929, he gave 6 lectures for Gyan Prasarak Mandali. He also lectured at Santiniketan owing to his long association with Rabindranath Tagore. Meghani was also known as a Manbhatt poet due to his significant contribution to folk ballads.^{[2][failed verification]} A movie song Man Mor Bani Thangat Kare in the 2013 Hindi film Goliyon Ki Raasleela Ram-Leela is written by him.^[6]

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Folklores[edit]

• Doshi Ni Vato
• Sorathi Baharvatiya 1
• Sorathi Baharvatiya 2
• Sorathi Baharvatiya 3-1929
• Saurashtra ni rasdhar 1
• Saurashtra ni rasdhar 2
• Saurashtra ni rasdhar 3
• Saurastra ni rasdhar 4
• Saurashtra ni rasdhar 5
• Kankavati 1–1927
• Kankavati 2-1928
• Dadaji Ni Vato
• Sorthi Santo-1928
• Sorthi Geetkathao-1931
• Puratan Jyot-1938
• Rang Che Barot-1945
• Loksahitya-1939
• Pagandino Panth-1942
• Charano Ane Charani-1943
• Dhartinu Dhavan-1944
• Loksahitya Nu Samalochan-1946

Poems[edit]

• Veni Na Phool-1927
• Killol-1930
• Sindhudo-1930
• Meghani, Jhaverchand (2015) [1935]. Yugvandana. Ahmedabad: Sanskar Sahitya Mandir. ISBN978-93-83815-62-3.
• Ektaro-1940
• Bapuna Parna-1943
• Ravindra Veena-1944
• Midnight Lace-1946
• Chaud Varsh ni Charan Kanya-1931
• Chello Katoro Jer no aa pi Jajo Bapu-1930-1932 (From Round Table Vonference in London)

Folk Songs[edit]

• Radhiyali Raat 1–1925
• Radhiyali Raat 2-1925
• Radhiyali Raat 3-1927
• Radhiyali Raat 4-1942
• Chundadi 1–1928
• Chundadi 2-1929
• Rutugeeto-1929
• Halarda-1929
• Sorthi Santvani-1947
• Sorthiya Duha-1947

Drama[edit]

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• Rano Pratap (Translation)-1923
• Raja Rani-1924
• Shah Jahan (Translation)-1927
• Vanthela-1933

Travelogue[edit]

• Saurashtrana Khandaroma-1928
• Sorathne Tire Tire-1933
• Parkamma-1946
• Chellu Prayan-1947

Short Stories[edit]

• Kurbani Ni Kathao-1922
• Chinta Na Angara 1–1931
• Chinta Na Angara 2-1932
• Meghani, Jhaverchand (2015) [1934]. Jail Office Ni Baari. Ahmedabad: Sanskar Sahitya Mandir. ISBN978-93-83815-25-8.
• Dariyaparna Bahrvatiya-1932
• Pratimao-1932
• Meghani, Jhaverchand (2014) [1935]. Palkara. Ahmedabad: Sanskar Sahitya Mandir. ISBN978-93-83815-11-1.
• Dhup Chaya-1935
• Meghanini Navlikao 1 and 2-1942
• Vilopan-1946
• Anu nam te dhani

Novels[edit]

• Meghani, Jhaverchand (2013) [1932]. Satya Ni Shodhma. Ahmedabad: Rajesh Book Sellers. ISBN978-93-85588-08-2.
• 'Niranjan'
• 'Vasundharana Vahala Davla'
• 'Sorath, Tara Vaheta Pani'
• Samarangan-1928
• Meghani, Jhaverchand (2013) [1938]. Aparadhi. Ahmedabad: Rajesh Book Sellers. ISBN978-93-85588-15-0.
• Vevishal -1
• Vevishal-2
• 'Ra Gangajaliyo'-1
• 'Ra Gangajaliyo' -2
• 'Bidela Dwar'
• Gujaratno Jay 1–1940
• Gujaratno Jay 2-1942
• Tulsi Kyaro-1940
• Meghani, Jhaverchand (2013) [1943]. Prabhu Padharya. Ahmedabad: Rajesh Book Sellers. ISBN978-93-85588-17-4.
• Kalchakra-1947
• Garvi Gujarat

Biography[edit]

• Annie Besant-1927
• Hungary no Taaranahaar-1927
• Narvir Lalaji-1927
• Satyavir Shradhdhanand-1927
• Sorathee Santo-1928
• Puraatan Jyot −1938
• Thakkar Bapa-1939
• Akbar Ni Yaadma-1942
• Aapnu Ghar-1942
• Panch Varas Na Pankhida-1942
• Marelana Rudhir-1942
• Aapna Gharni Vadhu Vato-1943
• Dayanand Sarasvati-1944
• Meghani, Jhaverchand (2013) [1945]. Mansaina Deeva. Ahmedabad: Rajesh Book Sellers. ISBN978-93-85588-09-9.
• Sant Deveedaas-1946
• Vasant-Rajab Smaarak Granth-1947

References[edit]

1. ^Pinaki Meghani (14 March 2009). 'Jhaverchand Meghani – Honour received during his life-time'. Meghani Family. Retrieved 17 October 2009.
2. ^ ^abAnjali H. Desai (2007). India Guide Gujarat. India Guide Publications. p. 42. ISBN978-0-9789517-0-2.
3. ^Zaverchand Kalidas Meghani; Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan (2003). A ruby shattered: a collection of love-legends in folk-balladry form of Saurashtra. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan.
4. ^'Jhaverchand Megahni, Kavi Zaverchand Meghani's Official website'. Kavilok (in Gujarati). Retrieved 3 April 2017.
5. ^Zaverchand Meghani. Sangeet Bhavan trust. Retrieved on 27 November 2018.
6. ^'Ram-Leela song Man mor bani thanghat kare: Original poet to get credit in film'. Bollywoodlife.com. 23 October 2013. Retrieved 19 May 2017.

External links[edit]

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• Jhaverchand Meghani on GujLit
• Works by Zaverchand Kalidas Meghani at Google Books
• Works by or about Jhaverchand Meghani at Internet Archive

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